20/02/2026
During the identical decade, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II, the king of the Kingdom of Sicily, imposed a similar oath in his civil courts. By 1250, the nucleus of a brand new legal occupation had clearly shaped. The new trend towards professionalization culminated in a controversial proposal at the Second Council of Lyon in 1275 that every one ecclesiastical courts should require an oath of admission. Although not adopted by the council, it was highly influential in many such courts throughout Europe. And in 1345, the French crown promulgated a royal ordinance which set forth 24…

